Talaromyces marneffei a dimorphic fungus causes systemic mycoses (Talaromycosis) among immunocompromised individuals especially in HIV infected individuals. Talaromycosis is endemic to Southeast Asia and China. Bamboo rats act as the reservoir and the infection is probably transmitted by inhalation and inoculation with varied incubation period (weeks to years). The signs are manifested as mild fever, anaemia, weight loss, molluscum contagiosum lesions to fatal lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly if left untreated. The infection is diagnosed mainly by isolation and identification of the agent by culturing on Sabouraud’s Dextose Agar. Serum detection of antigenemia, PCR and RT-PCR are confirmatory in diagnosing. Amphotericin B and itraconazole are drugs of choice for talaromycosis. Primary prophylaxis with itraconazole (200 mg/kg body weight) among HIV infected individuals with CD₄ count less than 200 cells/mm³ is recommended to be beneficial. However, with mysterious epidemiology talaromycosis is still not clearly understood and hence further studies should focus towards understanding the epidemiology, developing rapid diagnostic techniques and effective treatment regime.